biology unit 3/4

butterfly13579

clazah I'm pretty sure its both cause there were some questions on trial exams about the use of CRISPR in bacteria

chemistry1111

what are some ethics related to recombinant plamids and insulin production.

_sophiestudies_

chemistry1111 probably discussions surrounding safety and effectiveness of insulin (ensuring benefits outweigh any negatives) and discussions on the use of animal insulin vs human insulin (i.e. animals being killed to obtain insulin that has be found to be less effective as human insulin from recombinant plasmids, meaning according to non-maleficence, the slaughter of these animals should be ceased). There may also be ethical discussions in relation to the economic benefits of human insulin from plasmids as well. That's what came to mind for me at least.

butterfly13579

how do you describe the cell mediated repsonse

Smartiestarz

butterfly13579 For a 4 marker on the cell mediated immune response (this is just a general guide for keywords btw- always link it back to the specific context- ex the name of the virus in the question)

Antigen presenting cell (ex-macrophage) engulfs the virus via phagocytosis and presents the non self antigen on MHC 2 marker on its surface to a helper T cell upon travelling to the lymph node via the lymphatic system
The helper T cell recognises this non self antigen and activates T lymphocytes to undergo clonal expansion and selection producing cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells.
Cytotoxic T cells recognise non self viral antigen presented on MHC 1 markers on surface of virally infected host cell and releases chemicals like perforins to induce apoptosis, destroying that cell
Whereas
Memory T cells will circulate in the blood and lymph providing long term natural active immunity as they trigger a stronger, faster greater immune response to subsequent exposures to the same viral antigen.
Hope I have not missed out on anything 🙂

Christ

_sophiestudies_
We have to also consider that insulin is quite expensive and so following the principle of Justice, the production of insulin has ethical issues as people from a lower socioeconomical background may not be able to afford it.

chemistry1111

_sophiestudies_ could a problem with this is that the bacteria is introduced into insulin gene and therefore causes harm to the individual

spicynuggets

How do we answer this?

The editing of plant genomes raises a range of ethical issues. For example, there are concerns about
the risk of inducing ‘off-target’ mutations and adverse immune responses to the Cas9 protein.
Discuss how a consequences-based approach and beneficence could apply to the use of CRISPR-Cas9
to edit the genomes of plants from the perspective of a research scientist.

atarwonders

spicynuggets
Consequence based approach
• aims to achieve maximisation of positive outcomes and minimisation of negative effects (1 mark)
• editing the plant genome can increase plant yields, nutrition and prevent diseases (others) – positive outcomes for producers and consumers of the plants at the cost of ‘off-target’ mutations and adverse immune responses (1 mark)
Beneficence
• maximising benefit and minimising risks and harm (1 mark)
• benefit the farmers as they get more income and benefits consumers as they get healthier products (1 mark)

atarwonders

hi could someone explain the difference between hominins, hominoids, and primates?

Christ

@God Could you give an estimation for the study score I be up for in Biology
My SAC average was ₈₅% consistent through the year and I was perhaps top 7 in my cohort of 65 students.
However I went over the suggested solutions and lost at max 12 marks through the whole exam (that's me being paranoid about my responses, hopefully less then 10 marks lost overall).
Is it possible for be to get 40+ ss

😅

God

Christ y

Yes definitely! I lost 8 marks last year (224/240), and got a raw 46 (should have been 47, like the guy I beat - but that’s SAC ranks for u)

Looking at tsfx, for 40 raw u need probably 90% or higher to ensure u get it. It could be much lower depending on the year tho. (Like 2019 was 80% needed, yet in 2020 it was 90%)

Ur probably looking at a range of 43+, if u get something like last years exam.

Presuming things stay the same that is. (Idk about the new study design)

Congrats!

Christ

God
Your a Legend as always.

chemistry1111

if you loose 20 marks on exam what study score would you get?

chemistry1111

how many marks can you loose on exams to still get over 40

God

chemistry1111

As I said, the 40ss lies between 80-90% each year. If the exam is 120 marks…

0.1x120 = 12, 0.2x120=24
So between 24 and 12 marks lost.

But that’s presuming it is between 80-90% cutoff….

So I wouldn’t really worry too much.

Hope this helps!

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