S007🌿☁️
yep this makes sense - i'm just a bit confused about why they were talking about selection pressures and HN proteins.
I think they're possibly talking more about antigenic drift occurring (changing Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) due to viruses with unique proteins that can evade the immune system possibly being selected for, making them more likely to reproduce?
Could someone please check this in case it's wrong cos I'm legit just guessing atp lmao

      S007🌿☁️ ohhh so is this kinda like even though they're selecting for a favourable phenotype, another unfavourable one is also being selected for kinda by accident, that's not better for survival

          Hi, just wondering, do plants take in both O2 and CO2 from their environment? I know they release O2 from photosynthesis, but they also need to take in O2 for cellular respiration right? Or do they just use the O2 released from photosynthesis?

            sarah99 so plants undergo both cellular respiration and photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, they take in CO2 in the second stage so the Independent stage and then the co2 undergoes carbon fixation and as a result glucose is produced. They also take out oxygen in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis. Whereas in cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) plants take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide (just like us) and eventually make ATP. I hope that helped.

                lune777 no its not better for survival. That's why they have to find new solutions when mistakes like accidentally choosing an unfavorable trait do occur. An analogy for this could be that someone is trying to fix his car or smth he fixed a part of it but then realized he broke another part of the car so now he has to fix that.

                    lune777 honestly i think the answer they gave it might make you confused so don't worry too much abt it. They do like for some reason using influenza virus in exams because they undergo antigenic drift quite often you don't have to memorise anything abt influenza you just have to know the overall concept such as antigenic shift and drift and be able to apply it in different questions and different examples. Q6 from the 2022 exam there's a question related to influenza and it undergoing antigenic drift so try doing that since it'll be helpful just for practice.

                        hi im new here!!

                        just a quick question do we need to remember what crispr stands for??

                        S007🌿☁️ okay cool thanks!! yeah my school was going a bit deep into it that's why - i doubt VCAA would ask us stuff like that

                          S007🌿☁️ yepp makes sense - similar to like selective breeding dogs like pug faces that aren't better for their breathing ig

                              S007🌿☁️ Yeahhhhh but does the input of CO2 and O2 for the respective processes need to come from the environment? And accordingly they are released into the environment? Like O2 from photosynthesis can't be used as an input for cellular respiration etc. so that means plants take in O2 right - cos i always thought they only take in CO2!!

                                  sarah99 it doesnt always have to happen naturally I mean scientist and researches or anyone really do experiments relating to this stuff so like people can conduct experiments for plants and give it like a specific amount of O2 or CO2 just to measure the rate of cellular respiration or photosynthesis and look at what exactly is happening. BUT NATRUALLY like plants that are not put in experiments yes they need CO2 and O2 from the environment to survive. and yes they do release O2 from photosynthesis to the environment OR they can use it for cellular respiration and they also release CO2 from cellular respiration into the environment BUT they can also use it for photosynthesis. and YES plants take in O2 just like us to eventually produce ATP and they also take in CO2 to produce glucose.

                                    hi, just had a question about the trp operon. So there's a question that asks for the impact of a nonsense mutation in the trpR gene. The answer says that there would be continuous production of tryptophan. But wouldn't attenuation still occur to prevent transcription completion and limit trp production?

                                      guys this has nothing to do with what you guys are talking about, but since i have a passion for biology, do you guys spend time on human anatomy and bodily functions? Could anyone give me a short lists of the subtopics learnt in vce biology? Thanks

                                        sarah47 according to the answer it seems that mechanisms of attenuation are not considered for this question. Thus, I'd say that you're only required to answer based on the impact of the nonsense mutation on the trpR gene, being that a functional repressor protein would not be able to be produced, and therefore tryptophan production would occur indefinitely. While trp operon attenuation is a part of the 3/4 bio course, I haven't come across any questions that assess trp operon attenuation, such questions only assess trp operon repression. There may be some questions about attenuation that I haven't come across though. How many marks was this question? The marks provide a key as to how much explanation is required, I would think that trp operon repression based answers would require less volume of explanation (and so would be worth less marks) than answers on attenuation, given that attenuation is a slightly more complicated mechanism to explain. I could be mistaken on this.

                                            MMHS in unit 3/4 bio, we cover aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, immunity, enzymes, factors that affect enzymes, protein structure and function, nucleic acids, gene expression (transcription, translation, post-transcriptional modifications, post-translational modifications) and regulation (components of a gene, regulatory genes and structural genes), the protein secretory pathway and mutations (point and block).

                                            In unit 1/2 bio, we cover cells, apoptosis, the plasma membrane, the digestive system, the excretory system, the endocrine system, homeostasis (including regulation of body temp, blood glucose and water balance as well as malfunctions), and fundamental genetics such as genes and chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis, and chromosomal abnormalities.

                                                Novahkiin Oh okay, thanks for the detailed response! And it was 4m, given an image of the operon.
                                                Marking guide:
                                                2m-definition of nonsense mutation & that it results in a shortened, non-functional protein.
                                                1m-repressor can't bind to operator.
                                                1m-continuous production of tryptophan.
                                                So the final impact is just worth the last mark, which makes sense if it's just abt repression like you said bc if we had to say attenuation still occurred there would prolly be another mark for that. Thank you for your help!

                                                  10 days later

                                                  does anyone know if we need to know anything about lymphatic system containing ducts. or like we don't need to know that