S007🌿☁️ okay cool thanks!! yeah my school was going a bit deep into it that's why - i doubt VCAA would ask us stuff like that

    S007🌿☁️ yepp makes sense - similar to like selective breeding dogs like pug faces that aren't better for their breathing ig

        S007🌿☁️ Yeahhhhh but does the input of CO2 and O2 for the respective processes need to come from the environment? And accordingly they are released into the environment? Like O2 from photosynthesis can't be used as an input for cellular respiration etc. so that means plants take in O2 right - cos i always thought they only take in CO2!!

            sarah99 it doesnt always have to happen naturally I mean scientist and researches or anyone really do experiments relating to this stuff so like people can conduct experiments for plants and give it like a specific amount of O2 or CO2 just to measure the rate of cellular respiration or photosynthesis and look at what exactly is happening. BUT NATRUALLY like plants that are not put in experiments yes they need CO2 and O2 from the environment to survive. and yes they do release O2 from photosynthesis to the environment OR they can use it for cellular respiration and they also release CO2 from cellular respiration into the environment BUT they can also use it for photosynthesis. and YES plants take in O2 just like us to eventually produce ATP and they also take in CO2 to produce glucose.

              hi, just had a question about the trp operon. So there's a question that asks for the impact of a nonsense mutation in the trpR gene. The answer says that there would be continuous production of tryptophan. But wouldn't attenuation still occur to prevent transcription completion and limit trp production?

                guys this has nothing to do with what you guys are talking about, but since i have a passion for biology, do you guys spend time on human anatomy and bodily functions? Could anyone give me a short lists of the subtopics learnt in vce biology? Thanks

                  sarah47 according to the answer it seems that mechanisms of attenuation are not considered for this question. Thus, I'd say that you're only required to answer based on the impact of the nonsense mutation on the trpR gene, being that a functional repressor protein would not be able to be produced, and therefore tryptophan production would occur indefinitely. While trp operon attenuation is a part of the 3/4 bio course, I haven't come across any questions that assess trp operon attenuation, such questions only assess trp operon repression. There may be some questions about attenuation that I haven't come across though. How many marks was this question? The marks provide a key as to how much explanation is required, I would think that trp operon repression based answers would require less volume of explanation (and so would be worth less marks) than answers on attenuation, given that attenuation is a slightly more complicated mechanism to explain. I could be mistaken on this.

                      MMHS in unit 3/4 bio, we cover aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, immunity, enzymes, factors that affect enzymes, protein structure and function, nucleic acids, gene expression (transcription, translation, post-transcriptional modifications, post-translational modifications) and regulation (components of a gene, regulatory genes and structural genes), the protein secretory pathway and mutations (point and block).

                      In unit 1/2 bio, we cover cells, apoptosis, the plasma membrane, the digestive system, the excretory system, the endocrine system, homeostasis (including regulation of body temp, blood glucose and water balance as well as malfunctions), and fundamental genetics such as genes and chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis, and chromosomal abnormalities.

                          Novahkiin Oh okay, thanks for the detailed response! And it was 4m, given an image of the operon.
                          Marking guide:
                          2m-definition of nonsense mutation & that it results in a shortened, non-functional protein.
                          1m-repressor can't bind to operator.
                          1m-continuous production of tryptophan.
                          So the final impact is just worth the last mark, which makes sense if it's just abt repression like you said bc if we had to say attenuation still occurred there would prolly be another mark for that. Thank you for your help!

                            10 days later

                            does anyone know if we need to know anything about lymphatic system containing ducts. or like we don't need to know that

                            Hi everyone!! When talking about the light independent stage, are there steps we need to have memorised or just the inputs and outputs. Also, to what depth do we need to know CRISPR-Cas9. I’m a bit overwhelmed with all the info.

                            Hi everyone! Do we need to know the exact quantities of the inputs and outputs for each stage of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

                              Mango I am pretty sure we just need to know the names of the co-enzymes, but the quanities of everything else is needed (thats what ive been told anyways)

                              Also i think a general idea of what happens in the light independant stage is useful for understanding and how that differs in C3 C4 and CAM.

                              CRISPR - Cas9 i recomend knowing as much as possible but probs more specifically how it works how scienctists use it and like benifits/bioethics. so like all of it the exams love CRISPR D: so maybe look on those also