clazah Rubisco aids in the carbon fixation of carbon dioxide to form glucose, specifically catalysing the formation of 3-PGA (3-carbon molecule) from RuBP (5-carbon molecule) and CO2, where 3-PGA is then converted into G3P (which is then used to form glucose) with the help of NADPH and ATP.

    Describe how CRISPR-Cas9 works by using the terms listed below.
    Target DNA, Cas 9, Spacer RNA, Guide RNA, Scaffold RNA, Cleavage

    why are nucleotide repeats an important feature of crispr cas 9

    How do you structure explain questions (after you have included the 'what' and the 'why')? Is there something additional that you have to say?

    For 2022 vcaa sample MCQ, why is the answer for question 11 (B)?

      VIVI in both of the aerobic and anaerobic pathways, glycolysis is involved. In order for glycolysis to continue indefinitely, especially for anaerobic respiration, the cell must cycle NADH back to NAD+ for continued use in glycolysis because NAD+ is an input.

        It’s asking you to compare pathway 1 (anaerobic respiration) with pathway 2 (aerobic respiration)

        A is not correct because anaerobic respiration does not create a high yield of ATP, it only makes 2

        C is not correct because only aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria

        D is not correct because anaerobic respiration in animals does not make CO2, only in plants/yeast

        Therefore B is the only correct answer. This is because both pathways require NADH, which is then unloaded into NAD+ and recycled over and over again

        How do you structure explain questions (after you have included the 'what' and the 'why')? Is there something additional that you have to say?

        Hey guys! Could someone explain how you would structure a response to the process of allopatric speciation for the Howea palm trees?

          butterfly13579 Hey! I think you meant sympatric speciation in howea palms- this is how I’d structure my responses for that

          1. There is pre-existing genetic variation in the howea palm population with some palms being able o grow better in acidic soil whereas potters growing better in basic soil (likely due to a prior polyploidy mutation which may have been the source of a new allele)
          2. These palms are NOT geographically o isolated, but occupy different niches hence may be exposed to different environments and different selection pressures
          3. Which selected for different phenotypes (ex-the difference sin flowering times). Over many generations as the different mutations accummalate, there is so much genetic and phentoypic variation between the palms that
          4. They are unable to interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring, hence are considered to be reproductively isolated and have formed different/seperate species

              which new putative homo species are we supposed to know about

              For question 4c short answer 2022 biology NHT, how would you answer the question would you outline the humoral immune response?

              Also do you think the exam would be easier than previous years because of the new study design?

              clazah I'm pretty sure its both cause there were some questions on trial exams about the use of CRISPR in bacteria