Hey guys! Could someone explain how you would structure a response to the process of allopatric speciation for the Howea palm trees?

    butterfly13579 Hey! I think you meant sympatric speciation in howea palms- this is how I’d structure my responses for that

    1. There is pre-existing genetic variation in the howea palm population with some palms being able o grow better in acidic soil whereas potters growing better in basic soil (likely due to a prior polyploidy mutation which may have been the source of a new allele)
    2. These palms are NOT geographically o isolated, but occupy different niches hence may be exposed to different environments and different selection pressures
    3. Which selected for different phenotypes (ex-the difference sin flowering times). Over many generations as the different mutations accummalate, there is so much genetic and phentoypic variation between the palms that
    4. They are unable to interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring, hence are considered to be reproductively isolated and have formed different/seperate species

        which new putative homo species are we supposed to know about

        For question 4c short answer 2022 biology NHT, how would you answer the question would you outline the humoral immune response?

        Also do you think the exam would be easier than previous years because of the new study design?

        clazah I'm pretty sure its both cause there were some questions on trial exams about the use of CRISPR in bacteria

          butterfly13579 For a 4 marker on the cell mediated immune response (this is just a general guide for keywords btw- always link it back to the specific context- ex the name of the virus in the question)

          1. Antigen presenting cell (ex-macrophage) engulfs the virus via phagocytosis and presents the non self antigen on MHC 2 marker on its surface to a helper T cell upon travelling to the lymph node via the lymphatic system
          2. The helper T cell recognises this non self antigen and activates T lymphocytes to undergo clonal expansion and selection producing cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells.
          3. Cytotoxic T cells recognise non self viral antigen presented on MHC 1 markers on surface of virally infected host cell and releases chemicals like perforins to induce apoptosis, destroying that cell
            Whereas
          4. Memory T cells will circulate in the blood and lymph providing long term natural active immunity as they trigger a stronger, faster greater immune response to subsequent exposures to the same viral antigen.
            Hope I have not missed out on anything 🙂

            chemistry1111 probably discussions surrounding safety and effectiveness of insulin (ensuring benefits outweigh any negatives) and discussions on the use of animal insulin vs human insulin (i.e. animals being killed to obtain insulin that has be found to be less effective as human insulin from recombinant plasmids, meaning according to non-maleficence, the slaughter of these animals should be ceased). There may also be ethical discussions in relation to the economic benefits of human insulin from plasmids as well. That's what came to mind for me at least.

                _sophiestudies_
                We have to also consider that insulin is quite expensive and so following the principle of Justice, the production of insulin has ethical issues as people from a lower socioeconomical background may not be able to afford it.

                  _sophiestudies_ could a problem with this is that the bacteria is introduced into insulin gene and therefore causes harm to the individual

                    How do we answer this?

                    The editing of plant genomes raises a range of ethical issues. For example, there are concerns about
                    the risk of inducing ‘off-target’ mutations and adverse immune responses to the Cas9 protein.
                    Discuss how a consequences-based approach and beneficence could apply to the use of CRISPR-Cas9
                    to edit the genomes of plants from the perspective of a research scientist.

                      spicynuggets
                      Consequence based approach
                      • aims to achieve maximisation of positive outcomes and minimisation of negative effects (1 mark)
                      • editing the plant genome can increase plant yields, nutrition and prevent diseases (others) – positive outcomes for producers and consumers of the plants at the cost of ‘off-target’ mutations and adverse immune responses (1 mark)
                      Beneficence
                      • maximising benefit and minimising risks and harm (1 mark)
                      • benefit the farmers as they get more income and benefits consumers as they get healthier products (1 mark)

                        hi could someone explain the difference between hominins, hominoids, and primates?