md2112 the structural genes in the trp operon each code for separate enzymes that are involved in the formation of tryptophan. Here are the details (don't need to know this though):

  • TrpE and TrpD -> Form enzyme Anthranilate synthase, which converts chorismate (found in the cell) into anthranilate.
  • TrpC -> Forms enzyme Indole-3-glycerol-photosphate synthase, which converts anthranilate into indole-3-glycerol-photosphate.
  • TrpB and TrpA -> Forms enzyme Tryptophan synthase, which converts indole-3-glycerol-photosphate into tryptophan.
    (Requires lots of energy, meaning the process needs to be tightly regulated via attenuation and repression mechanisms).

Here in the structure of the trp operon to help as well (would ensure you know this):

3' end - Promoter - Operator - Leader (TrpL) - Attenuator - TrpE - TrpD - TrpC - TrpB - TrpA - Trailer - 5' end

Hopefully this will help you understand the question!

      _sophiestudies_ oh that makes sense, so i could simply talk about attenutation, and it produces a trasncirption termination signal which prevents the expresssion of structural genes and so the enzymes aren't produced

          chemistry1111

          Humoral response:

          1. Antigen-presenting cells (i.e. macrophages and dendritic cells) phagocytose pathogens and present its antigens on their MHC II markers. They are then transported to secondary lymphoid tissue.
          2. The antigens are presented to naïve B cells with corresponding B cell receptors (antibodies). They phagocytose them and present them on their MHC II markers. This causes them to become activated/selected.
          3. They present the antigens to T helper cells, which bind using their specific T cell receptors. This causes them to become activated/selected.
          4. T helper cells release cytokines, which stimulate the selected B cell to undergo clonal expansion (proliferate/produce many of itself) and differentiate to form plasma B cells and memory B cells.
          5. Plasma B cells produce antibodies, which can then be sent to the area of infection to opsonise, agglutinate, naturalise, and/or activate complement proteins.
          6. Memory B cells provide long-lasting immunological memory, activated when they come in contact with the pathogen again. The rapidly proliferate to form memory plasma B cells that produce larger amounts of antibodies, and more memory cells to strengthen this immunological memory.

            what is the difference between social implication and biological implication? and also do we need to include that in sympatric speciation gene flow doesnt occur

            Also do we need to know about BMP4 gene

              is question 1 short answer from 2021 vcaa exam still relevant?

                chemistry1111 Social implication relates to the community (e.g. birth rates, death rates, standard of living) and money/profits. Biological implication relates to the functioning of the organism e.g. better nutrition, reduced risk of disease.
                No you do not need to know about the BMP4 gene.

                  studyingvce2022 Hi there! For a question on sympatric speciation in howea palms I’d say :—

                  1. There is pre-existing genetic variation in the howea palm population with some palms being able o grow better in acidic soil whereas potters growing better in basic soil (likely due to a prior polyploidy mutation which may have been the source of a new allele)
                  2. These palms are NOT geographically o isolated, but occupy different niches hence may be exposed to different environments and different selection pressures
                  3. Which selected for different phenotypes (ex-the difference sin flowering times). Over many generations as the different mutations accummalate, there is so much genetic and phentoypic variation between the palms that
                  4. They are unable to interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring, hence are considered to be reproductively isolated and have formed different/seperate species

                    Hi Y'all....

                    I've found something you guys might like!

                    Someone Posted the answer's to the Sample Exam Online.... and It looks really official - but I am not sure....

                    https://easyupload.io/82r6pl

                    Thought you guy's might be interested 🙂

                    Good Luck for tomorrow!!

                      God hey do you know whch evidence we need to know about the new putative species

                      • God replied to this.

                          how hard do you think the exam will be considering its the first one for the new study design?

                            md2112
                            I unfortunately have no clue and have never heard that term before. (I did bio last year)

                            Perhaps someone else can help....

                              For question 4c short answer 2022 biology NHT, how would you answer the question would you outline the humoral immune response?

                                butterfly13579 allows specific cells in the immune system (basically autoreactive B and T cells that recognise self cells as foreign) to be suppressed for those who have autoimmune diseases without the entire immune system being compromised like immunosuppressants do.