chemistry1111

Humoral response:

  1. Antigen-presenting cells (i.e. macrophages and dendritic cells) phagocytose pathogens and present its antigens on their MHC II markers. They are then transported to secondary lymphoid tissue.
  2. The antigens are presented to naïve B cells with corresponding B cell receptors (antibodies). They phagocytose them and present them on their MHC II markers. This causes them to become activated/selected.
  3. They present the antigens to T helper cells, which bind using their specific T cell receptors. This causes them to become activated/selected.
  4. T helper cells release cytokines, which stimulate the selected B cell to undergo clonal expansion (proliferate/produce many of itself) and differentiate to form plasma B cells and memory B cells.
  5. Plasma B cells produce antibodies, which can then be sent to the area of infection to opsonise, agglutinate, naturalise, and/or activate complement proteins.
  6. Memory B cells provide long-lasting immunological memory, activated when they come in contact with the pathogen again. The rapidly proliferate to form memory plasma B cells that produce larger amounts of antibodies, and more memory cells to strengthen this immunological memory.

    what is the difference between social implication and biological implication? and also do we need to include that in sympatric speciation gene flow doesnt occur

    Also do we need to know about BMP4 gene

      is question 1 short answer from 2021 vcaa exam still relevant?

        chemistry1111 Social implication relates to the community (e.g. birth rates, death rates, standard of living) and money/profits. Biological implication relates to the functioning of the organism e.g. better nutrition, reduced risk of disease.
        No you do not need to know about the BMP4 gene.

          studyingvce2022 Hi there! For a question on sympatric speciation in howea palms I’d say :—

          1. There is pre-existing genetic variation in the howea palm population with some palms being able o grow better in acidic soil whereas potters growing better in basic soil (likely due to a prior polyploidy mutation which may have been the source of a new allele)
          2. These palms are NOT geographically o isolated, but occupy different niches hence may be exposed to different environments and different selection pressures
          3. Which selected for different phenotypes (ex-the difference sin flowering times). Over many generations as the different mutations accummalate, there is so much genetic and phentoypic variation between the palms that
          4. They are unable to interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring, hence are considered to be reproductively isolated and have formed different/seperate species

            Hi Y'all....

            I've found something you guys might like!

            Someone Posted the answer's to the Sample Exam Online.... and It looks really official - but I am not sure....

            https://easyupload.io/82r6pl

            Thought you guy's might be interested 🙂

            Good Luck for tomorrow!!

              God hey do you know whch evidence we need to know about the new putative species

              • God replied to this.

                  how hard do you think the exam will be considering its the first one for the new study design?

                    md2112
                    I unfortunately have no clue and have never heard that term before. (I did bio last year)

                    Perhaps someone else can help....

                      For question 4c short answer 2022 biology NHT, how would you answer the question would you outline the humoral immune response?

                        butterfly13579 allows specific cells in the immune system (basically autoreactive B and T cells that recognise self cells as foreign) to be suppressed for those who have autoimmune diseases without the entire immune system being compromised like immunosuppressants do.

                          what is the way autoimmune disease treated with monoclonal antibodies

                          chemistry1111 I think you might be referring to part D here
                          For part C though, you’d just have to say preventative measures to reduce transmission of a respiratory disc ease ex- wearing face masks, not sharing the food/drink which they did, or using handsanitiser to kill viral particles on their hands

                          For part D - you’d have to specific to Pat’s case - because she’s already received her vaccine - the humoral immune response would’ve kinda already occurred before she got infected at the movie theatres- so now its more like the response she’d have with a booster shot with the second exposure to the same pathogen
                          So you might modify your response like this

                          1. The viral antigen would be recognised as “non self” by the T helper cells which would release cytokines
                          2. Activating the B and T memory cells that were previously produced from the vaccine
                          3. This may cause memory cells to rapidly differentiate into plasma cells
                          4. That secrete large numbers of antibodies at a much faster rate than the first exposure to the flu virus
                          5. Stimulating a stronger, faster greater immune response as the antibodies would quickly agglutinate the viral pathogens making it easier for phagocytes too detect, engulf and destroy them
                          6. Preventing Pat from being infected and developing symptoms of the flu

                          Hope this helps and is concise enough 🙂😅