studyingvce2022 Hi there! For a question on sympatric speciation in howea palms I’d say :—

  1. There is pre-existing genetic variation in the howea palm population with some palms being able o grow better in acidic soil whereas potters growing better in basic soil (likely due to a prior polyploidy mutation which may have been the source of a new allele)
  2. These palms are NOT geographically o isolated, but occupy different niches hence may be exposed to different environments and different selection pressures
  3. Which selected for different phenotypes (ex-the difference sin flowering times). Over many generations as the different mutations accummalate, there is so much genetic and phentoypic variation between the palms that
  4. They are unable to interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring, hence are considered to be reproductively isolated and have formed different/seperate species

    Hi Y'all....

    I've found something you guys might like!

    Someone Posted the answer's to the Sample Exam Online.... and It looks really official - but I am not sure....

    https://easyupload.io/82r6pl

    Thought you guy's might be interested 🙂

    Good Luck for tomorrow!!

      God hey do you know whch evidence we need to know about the new putative species

      • God replied to this.

          how hard do you think the exam will be considering its the first one for the new study design?

            md2112
            I unfortunately have no clue and have never heard that term before. (I did bio last year)

            Perhaps someone else can help....

              For question 4c short answer 2022 biology NHT, how would you answer the question would you outline the humoral immune response?

                butterfly13579 allows specific cells in the immune system (basically autoreactive B and T cells that recognise self cells as foreign) to be suppressed for those who have autoimmune diseases without the entire immune system being compromised like immunosuppressants do.

                  what is the way autoimmune disease treated with monoclonal antibodies

                  chemistry1111 I think you might be referring to part D here
                  For part C though, you’d just have to say preventative measures to reduce transmission of a respiratory disc ease ex- wearing face masks, not sharing the food/drink which they did, or using handsanitiser to kill viral particles on their hands

                  For part D - you’d have to specific to Pat’s case - because she’s already received her vaccine - the humoral immune response would’ve kinda already occurred before she got infected at the movie theatres- so now its more like the response she’d have with a booster shot with the second exposure to the same pathogen
                  So you might modify your response like this

                  1. The viral antigen would be recognised as “non self” by the T helper cells which would release cytokines
                  2. Activating the B and T memory cells that were previously produced from the vaccine
                  3. This may cause memory cells to rapidly differentiate into plasma cells
                  4. That secrete large numbers of antibodies at a much faster rate than the first exposure to the flu virus
                  5. Stimulating a stronger, faster greater immune response as the antibodies would quickly agglutinate the viral pathogens making it easier for phagocytes too detect, engulf and destroy them
                  6. Preventing Pat from being infected and developing symptoms of the flu

                  Hope this helps and is concise enough 🙂😅

                      chemistry1111 validity = are you measuring what you want to measure? and can your results be applied to the general population (important to have random sampling)
                      accuracy = how close is your data to the 'true,' 'known,' or 'standard' values (comparing your results to what 'should' have happened)

                          God wow these answers are great, and very similar format to VCAA's own examination reports. can I ask where you were able to find these?

                          • God replied to this.

                              bioho4 hey do you know the monoclonal antibody function for autoimmune diseases

                                  do you guys think we are going to have to draw a phylogenetic tree on the exam?

                                    md2112 monoclonal antibodies can either stimulate, supress or have no effect on the immune system. it just depends on what the antibody is targeted for.
                                    For cancerous cells, monoclonal antibodies can be modified to carry toxins (anti-cancer drugs), so when the antibody binds to the non-self antigen on the surface of the cancerous cell, it releases the toxins which enter the infected cell and induce apoptosis, causing the cancerous cell to die. This stimulates the immune system.
                                    For autoimmune diseases, antibodies can be targeted to block particular proteins in the pathway of the infection, e.g. with Rheumatoid arthritis, monoclonal antibodies can block a protein that causes inflammation. So blocking that protein will prevent inflammation and help alleviate symptoms of the condition. This suppresses the immune system.
                                    I would suggest having a look at question 6 in the 2022 sample exam as it talks about this.

                                      chemistry1111 no one can tell what types of questions they will ask. if they do ask it will most likely be drawing 1 or 2 branches on a phylogenetic tree that is already provided, as opposed to drawing an entire tree from scratch. Have a look at question 9c from the 2020 vcaa exam if you want to get an idea of what it might look like.