Taaaa76 I am not entirely sure, but I am pretty sure specifics of the negative and positive control for PCR are not required. You should generally know the function of a negative and positive control, as they very well could relate such key knowledge (of that being scientific investigation) to PCR and involve positive and negative controls.

      stevendort sorry i meant for gel electrophoresis, what are the negativr and positive controls for PCR?

          Taaaa76 Sorry I also meant gel electrophoresis, mb.

          But I can honestly imagine a question 11 on gel electrophoresis and the examiners asking what the function of a specific lane acting as a control is. So I would honesty remember, briefly, the functions of the positive and negative control.

            010000studyhard
            it was alright. The Multple choice was pretty easy like always. The short answer required more application questions, and i missed like 6 questions due to less time and couldn't come up with answers for those. SO yeah i prob barely passed🙁

                what about u?

                HKS
                omg I lost like 5 marks cuz of that one human insulin question 🙁

                • HKS replied to this.

                    HKS
                    nahhh im sure I lost more marks its just that im 100% sure I lost that 5 marks

                      HKS hey if it makes you feel better, because you made me feel better knowing i wasnt alone because all my friends finished, but i also ran out of time and missed pretty much the same amount of questions. in my normal practice exams i had lots of time left, but for the actual exam i ran out of time. but it's ok hopefully, other people may be in the same boat and some people have said this was a harder exam, so if people finished, they may not have got it all right anyway 🙂

                      • HKS replied to this.

                          louisoph
                          thanks<3 that actually makes me feel better about myself!

                            7 months later

                            hello!!
                            I have no clue if this thread is still alive but I had a question about photosynthesis.
                            What does "photorespiration competes with photosynthesis" mean?
                            If photorespiration occurs, doesn't that mean photosynthesis can't occur?
                            thank you!

                              lune777 this is probably referring more to the fact that Rubisco's affinity to bind with O2 and CO2 changes depending on the conditions, and in a sense, these two substates compete to bind to Rubisco's active site. Therefore, the two processes compete with each other. Plus, you're not just going to have one Rubisco enzyme doing all the work in the plant, but rather heaps, so at points, some may bind to O2 and some may bind to CO2. I guess some cells would be undergoing photosynthesis, whilst some may undergo photorespiration depending on the situation. It's all about relative affinity and the levels of substate present. Overall, there will be a swing towards one or the other, and in those hot/dry conditions, there are C4 and CAM plants to accommodate for its negative impacts on Rubisco (i.e. increased photorespiration). I hope that makes sense!

                                  7 days later

                                  lune777 no problem! I'm glad it makes more sense. Year 12 photosynthesis and photorespiration stuff can get confusing.

                                    I saw a diagram and was wondering how a build-up of pyruvate would slow down glycolysis?
                                    Context: In cellular respiration, if there is an absence of O2 which causes a build-up of NADH (since it can't be converted back to NAD+ in ETC), this would slow down the Krebs cycle, thus there would be a build-up of pyruvate. This build-up causes glycolysis to slow down.

                                    a month later

                                    Hi! I had a few questions - I would greatly appreciate any help 🙂

                                    • If interferon is released and gene expression is paused, isn't this bad for the cell and the organism, as it is unable to produce its own proteins to survive?
                                    • Does the MHC I represent the proteome of the cell?
                                    • NK cells kill cells with an abnormal or absent MHC I right - Why might some cells have an absent MHC I marker?

                                      sarah99 let me see if I can help!

                                      1. Interferons have antiviral properties, so they're going to try and stop virus replication. In order for viruses to replicate, they're going to take over a host cell and its gene expression machinery, meaning interferons will pause gene expression to prevent viral proteins from being produced (aka preventing viral replication). I'm assuming it would just be preventing gene expression of viral genes, not the cell's genes. That said, the cell would probably have to be cleared from the body anyway because it's already virally infected. The interferons will just prevent the virus from spreading further.
                                      2. No. The proteome includes all the proteins expressed in an organism. This includes MHC I, but also other proteins in the organism too.
                                      3. Viruses and tumours/cancerous cells can downregulate the expression of MHC I markers, meaning they can be absent. Some may be present, presenting viral or tumour/cancer peptides (i.e. antigens). Some would function abnormally as well. NK cells will just look to see if normal MHC I markers are being expressed or stressed/abnormal markers, and if there's been any downregulation in the number of MHC I markers.