hi! how do i answer this question;
Smallpox was one of the deadliest human viral diseases. People who survived this disease were often badly
scarred, blinded or both. In April 1789, 15 months after the British arrival to Australia, a major smallpox
outbreak occurred. In terms of the number of infected individuals and subsequent deaths, the outbreak
affected the Indigenous population to a greater extent than the British population.
a. The British population and the Indigenous population were both exposed to the smallpox virus.
Suggest one reason why the Indigenous population was affected to a greater extent than the British
population. Explain your response.
in my answer i stated the role of the antigen presenting cells was that the only thing needed? or do i have to implement 'smallpox virus' in my answer to get the full 3 marks

    chemistry1111 Genetic drift since it tends to have a more profound and drastic effect on the gene pool, since the bottleneck effect wipes out much of a population and the founders effect can drastically reduce the gene pool its allele frequency due to migrating populations not genetically reflecting the many alleles found in the initial population (both populations, initial and founded, are usually greatly impacted). The effect of genetic drift can be even more pronounced in small populations, causing some to become extinct. Mutations occur all the time and are often quite small or random. Since they tend to only occur in one individual, they don't suddenly change the entire gene pool. Obviously, natural selection will alter the allele frequencies in response to a mutation and its possible advantages or disadvantages will alter the gene pool. However, you'd need a lot of mutations to have a sudden and drastic impact, and changes tend to occur gradually over time. Genetic drift is usually more sudden in its impact. The level of impact of mutations simply isn't the same as genetic drift tends to be. That said, I might be wrong, but that's sort of what I've been taught.

      yr12student22 The antigen is a "body part" of the pathogen that your immune system recognises as foreign. Antigens can be proteins expressed by the pathogen, although there can be self-antigens produced by the body of someone affected by an autoimmune disease

        what is the structure of monoclonal antibodies?

        • lxna replied to this.

          what's the relationship between innate and inflammatory response?

          atarwonders they consist of one big polypeptide (heavy chain) and one small polypeptide (light chain). They also have specific variable regions, which are complementary to the antigen. (the same as a normal antibody)

            6 days later

            atarwonders you only need to talk about whether the Indigenous populations were able to develop immunity as well as the British (hint: British developed immunity at a younger age and thus already had antibodies, and Indigenous Australians were exposed to it for the first time)

              atarwonders Hi there! For this question the main point is about prior immunity so for 3 marks I’d say :—

              1. The British population had been frequently exposed to the small pox virus before, whereas indigenous Australians were exposed to the small pox virus for the first time upon European arrival
              2. Hence the indigenous Australians did not have any prior natural active immunity, and did not produce antibodies and memory cells against the small pox virus unlike the British
              3. This caused the indigenous Australians to be more likely to experience severe symptoms of the viral infection causing a much greater number of deaths and infection cases than the British population
                (Make sure you use comparative statements here because it’s about the immunity of indigenous Australians VS the British population) 🙂 hope this helps!

                  What is the underlying difference between a rule based approach and consequences based approach?

                  Example would really be nice 🙂

                    spicynuggets
                    Consequences-based approach = Aims to maximise the positive outcomes while minimising the negative outcomes.

                    • Suggests that individuals should be driven by consideration for the consequences that are likely to result.
                    • Often emphasises the surrounding circumstances of an action, and may sometimes allow an individual to break the rules in order to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of stakeholders.

                    Duty/rule-based approach = Promotes the responsibility of the agent above all else, and places importance on the duty of each individual.

                    • Suggests that individuals should be driven by a fundamental duty to act in a certain way.
                    • Aim is to follow set rules and responsibilities, with less regard for the consequences that may result.

                      biology ok. So, the PAM sequence is a sequence of nucleotides called the protospacer adjacent motif (usually NNG, with N being any nucleotide). Viral DNA has many PAM sequences. When the protospacer is cut out of the viral DNA that has been injected into the bacteria, this is done a little after the PAM site by Cas1 and Cas2 (just other restriction endonucleases). The purpose of the PAM site is for the Cas9 cutting part of the CRISPR-Cas9 process. When the Cas9 enzymes identifies viral DNA and a PAM region on it, it opens up the DNA and sees whether or not the gRNA is complementary to the sequence of bases upstream from the PAM sequence but on the opposite strand. If the gRNA is complementary to the viral DNA section after the PAM sequence, it will cut the DNA on both strands just upstream from the PAM. However, if the gRNA does not match the viral sequence, Cas9 closes the viral DNA and continues to search for another PAM site (it can take multiple goes to find the right one since there are lots of PAM sites). So in summary, the PAM site is like a recognition tool or tag for Cas9 to search for and identify, allowing it to check the viral DNA with the gRNA before making a cut. Hope that makes sense!

                          what is the difference between social implication and biological implication? and also do we need to include that in sympatric speciation gene flow doesnt occur