biology unit 3/4

atarwonders

what is the structure of monoclonal antibodies?

lxna

atarwonders they consist of one big polypeptide (heavy chain) and one small polypeptide (light chain). They also have specific variable regions, which are complementary to the antigen. (the same as a normal antibody)

yr12student22

what's the relationship between innate and inflammatory response?

chemistry1111

do naive t cells or cytotoxic t cells undergo clonal expansion?

Redvelvetsmarties

chemistry1111 Naive T cells undergo clonal expansion and selection to form cytotoxic T cells or memory T cells

Pasta

atarwonders you only need to talk about whether the Indigenous populations were able to develop immunity as well as the British (hint: British developed immunity at a younger age and thus already had antibodies, and Indigenous Australians were exposed to it for the first time)

Redvelvetsmarties

atarwonders Hi there! For this question the main point is about prior immunity so for 3 marks I’d say :—

The British population had been frequently exposed to the small pox virus before, whereas indigenous Australians were exposed to the small pox virus for the first time upon European arrival
Hence the indigenous Australians did not have any prior natural active immunity, and did not produce antibodies and memory cells against the small pox virus unlike the British
This caused the indigenous Australians to be more likely to experience severe symptoms of the viral infection causing a much greater number of deaths and infection cases than the British population
(Make sure you use comparative statements here because it’s about the immunity of indigenous Australians VS the British population) 🙂 hope this helps!

atarwonders

Redvelvetsmarties
thank you so much!

spicynuggets

What is the underlying difference between a rule based approach and consequences based approach?

Example would really be nice 🙂

_sophiestudies_

spicynuggets
Consequences-based approach = Aims to maximise the positive outcomes while minimising the negative outcomes.

Suggests that individuals should be driven by consideration for the consequences that are likely to result.
Often emphasises the surrounding circumstances of an action, and may sometimes allow an individual to break the rules in order to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of stakeholders.

Duty/rule-based approach = Promotes the responsibility of the agent above all else, and places importance on the duty of each individual.

Suggests that individuals should be driven by a fundamental duty to act in a certain way.
Aim is to follow set rules and responsibilities, with less regard for the consequences that may result.

biology

Is rational drug design in the new study design?

_sophiestudies_

biology nope. That was from the last study design, so you can ignore these questions!

biology

Could someone please explain the function of the PAM sequence? 🙂

_sophiestudies_

biology ok. So, the PAM sequence is a sequence of nucleotides called the protospacer adjacent motif (usually NNG, with N being any nucleotide). Viral DNA has many PAM sequences. When the protospacer is cut out of the viral DNA that has been injected into the bacteria, this is done a little after the PAM site by Cas1 and Cas2 (just other restriction endonucleases). The purpose of the PAM site is for the Cas9 cutting part of the CRISPR-Cas9 process. When the Cas9 enzymes identifies viral DNA and a PAM region on it, it opens up the DNA and sees whether or not the gRNA is complementary to the sequence of bases upstream from the PAM sequence but on the opposite strand. If the gRNA is complementary to the viral DNA section after the PAM sequence, it will cut the DNA on both strands just upstream from the PAM. However, if the gRNA does not match the viral sequence, Cas9 closes the viral DNA and continues to search for another PAM site (it can take multiple goes to find the right one since there are lots of PAM sites). So in summary, the PAM site is like a recognition tool or tag for Cas9 to search for and identify, allowing it to check the viral DNA with the gRNA before making a cut. Hope that makes sense!

biology

_sophiestudies_ Thankyou so much!

chemistry1111

what is the difference between social implication and biological implication? and also do we need to include that in sympatric speciation gene flow doesnt occur

clazah

for photosynthesis do you say the light dependent stage is the grana or thylakoid?

studyingvce2022

clazah a granum is a stack of thylakoids, so u can say either i think

clazah

what is the role of rubisco?

_sophiestudies_

clazah Rubisco aids in the carbon fixation of carbon dioxide to form glucose, specifically catalysing the formation of 3-PGA (3-carbon molecule) from RuBP (5-carbon molecule) and CO2, where 3-PGA is then converted into G3P (which is then used to form glucose) with the help of NADPH and ATP.

chemistry1111

does anyone have access education biology exam

Christ

Is it okay to write exam in pencil

jinx_58

Christ
I don't do VCE, or biology, but I believe it is best you refrain from using pencil in your exam. If it doesn't scan through, the answers get marked nil. Best to stick to blue or black pen, but I believe you can use a 2B pencil for the multiple choice.

p.s: as a rule of thumb, NEVER use frixion pens or an rub-out pen, our exams are stored in hot temperatures and your exam will be blank.

-jinx_58

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