do you think its ok to talk about continental drift when its about human migration eg why is there fossils of neanderthals in Australia or something like that? i remember learning about it but every time I answer a question they never talk about continental drift

GeorgeOfTheJungle for question 2 did you mean "ways of using fossil and DNA evidence (mtDNA and whole genomes) to explain the migration
of modern human populations around the world, including the migration of Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander populations and their connection to Country and Place."?
i think this is talking about the important place in Australia for Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islanders eg Lake Mungo as a sign of cultural evolution with the burial site and devils lair with bone points and bead artefacts

      Taaaa76
      Heyy, these are the steps I use (not 100% sure but I think they're a good starting point)

      1. DNA strands are unwound and separated into 2 singular strands by RNA polymerase
      2. RNA polymerase runs along the template strand in a 3-prime to 5-prime direction, adding complementary RNA nucleotides against the DNA strand
      3. The mRNA strand separates from the template strand and the DNA strands join back up
        EXTRA STEP (RNA processing) - The pre mRNA strand has its introns spliced out, a 5-prime Methyl cap and a 3-prime PolyA tail added

      Hope that helps you out!!

          Taaaa76 No. the pre-mRNA strand is synthesised in a 5'-3' direction. DNA runs in an antiparallel assortment, thus to synthesise a 5'-3' pre-mRNA strand, the DNA template strand must be read in a 3'-5' direction

            does anyone know how much detail we need to know about the steps of recombinant plasmids?

              Taaaa76 This knowledge is not required, but it is commonly referred to as tracrRNA. It essentially anchors the gRNA to the Cas9 endonuclease.

                do we have to know specific numbers for the inputs and outputs for cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

                eg. 12 ADP+Pi ---> 12 ATP (photosynthesis light dependent stage)

                  Do we need to know positive and negative controls of PCR?

                    Taaaa76 I am not entirely sure, but I am pretty sure specifics of the negative and positive control for PCR are not required. You should generally know the function of a negative and positive control, as they very well could relate such key knowledge (of that being scientific investigation) to PCR and involve positive and negative controls.

                        stevendort sorry i meant for gel electrophoresis, what are the negativr and positive controls for PCR?

                            Taaaa76 Sorry I also meant gel electrophoresis, mb.

                            But I can honestly imagine a question 11 on gel electrophoresis and the examiners asking what the function of a specific lane acting as a control is. So I would honesty remember, briefly, the functions of the positive and negative control.