prettypink1881

kayyyy thats a great idea! thank you for your help

Rey_of_sunshine yes that makes sense! thanks

in learning what is the different between an antecedent and a stimulus?

does anyone have any tips about how to memorise varieties of grammar well? I feel liike I can only remember ones i learnt in yr 11 and im having a hard time applying the newer ones in essays especially exam essay practices.

Lemonade_222 I think we only need to know the speciifc coenzymes invloved but not the numbers.

does anyone know how much detail we need to know about the steps of recombinant plasmids?

@"Taaaa76"#p16146this is from my textbook, idk what the brackets for the uranium lead one is supposed to mean though.

Uranium-235 – lead-207
dating period:1 million – 4.5 billion years (used together with U-238 – Pb-206 dating)

Potassium-40 – argon-40
dating period: 100 000 + years

Taaaa76 I don't think need to know it to that level; if we get a short answer question abt a specific adaptive immune response and its clear that it has invaded that cells, then u would talk about cell mediated by saying t helper cell releases a naive t cell then tallk about clonal expansion into cyotoxic and memory t cells and what they both do.

if its clear in the stem question that its extracellular then you can just say helper t cell selects a naive b cell which clonally expands into plasma and memory b cells and explain what they do.

so basically if you were to say in a short answer question that both are activated, tehn you would have to explain all the subsequent steps after activation of BOTH of them- which would probably take a while to write- but if you feel like you'll have enough time to write it then it should be fine and you probably won't get marks off.
I did a prac exam recently and i wasnt sure whether the pathogen was intra or extra cellular so i talked abt both cell mediated and humoral and the marking scheme showed it was fine but I didnt actually need to write both.

Meep<3 I don't think we need to know "how they know", but the cell mediated response will be initiated if the pathogen is intracellular, and has invaded a cell ie a virus. the humoral response will be initiated if the pathogen is an extracellular pathogen. both a t helper cell and a naive t or b cell need to be selected by the same antigen for the response to happen. i think.

Taaaa76 thanks!

does anyone know how the adaptive immune response rejects a transplant organ? is it the same in that apcs engulf the foreign antigens etc, or is it different?

jessh24 yeah that makes sense, thanks!!

Taaaa76

"Two reasons why RT-PCR cannot be used on all viruses included:
• a suitable probe may not be available or a complementary probe has not been produced
• not all viruses are made of RNA, or the nucleotide sequence in a virus may not be unique enough.
Students who were able to apply their knowledge of complementary sequences to this unfamiliar situation provided suitable reasons."

I get the second option, but I don't understand the first; do you know what suitable probe means?

Taaaa76 yeah question 2c short answer.

does anyone know if we need to know about reverse transcriptase and why is can't be used for some viirus testing in pcr?

if we do can someone let me know the answer because i've tried searching on google but I can't find anything that relates to any other dot points.

unknown312
from the vcaa q&a document is says that "students should be able to apply their knowledge of extracellular and intracellular threats to other areas of the study design, such as the development of monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer, and other unfamiliar situations and contexts." because it says development that might mean we have to know the steps to prodiuce them. but honestly I would just try to memorise the steps because I feel like they are quite easy to understand.
the diagram on this article linkbelow helped me remember them. hope this helps you!
https://www.moleculardevices.com/applications/monoclonal-antibody-production

stevendort thank you so much that makes sense

stevendort thank you!
also, in the recombinant bacteria being identified part, is it the tetracycline what makes the bacteria blue? or is the blue part beta galactosidase in the transform part?

stevendort I'm confused about beta galactosidase; is it added into the plasmid before the plasmid is put into the bacteria? or is it put in after the bacteria are tested for if they are transformed

leslie

i think it would depend on the context of the question.
after the quotation marks when you wrote "in regards to insulin", was that in the Q?

if the context of the question has not got in regards to insulin in it then you shouldn't talk abt beta galactosidase i don't think, just ampicillin resistance.

however if it does have in regards to insulin in it you should probably talk about beta galactosidate and also the ampicillin resistance.