chimichurri they're both types of immunotherapy because they work to activate or suppress the immune system. Yes, activation immunotherapy involves monoclonal antibodies targeting cancer cells, and can also inhibit autoreactive cells (self cells that attack self cells, thinking they're non-self). They also do a bunch of other stuff. Here's a summary of what I learnt (posted this on the discussion sometime last year):
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity - Activation immunotherapy:
- Bind to cancer cells and interact with immune system cells, particularly NK cells (natural killer cells), causing them to recognise the cancer cell coated in antibodies as foreign.
- Helps them kill the cancer cells.
Complement activation - Activation immunotherapy:
- Bind to cancer cells and interact with complement proteins (remember, these are proteins found in the body that opsonise, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens).
- This interaction aids in helping the complement proteins recognise the cancer cells as foreign, creating membrane attack complexes to kill the cells or enhancing the functions of other immune cells.
Checkpoint inhibition - Activation immunotherapy:
- Immune checkpoints -> Regulate immune system, and when activated, suppress the immune system. This is important for normal bodily functioning, but cancer cells can secrete molecules that stimulate these checkpoints, reducing the ability for the immune system to recognise and destroy them.
- Monoclonal antibodies -> Block immune checkpoints, meaning immune system can function at a grater capacity and destroy the cancer cells more easily.
Cytokine inhibition - Suppression immunotherapy:
- Cytokines = Messenger molecules used by immune system to coordinate an immune response.
- Monoclonal antibodies -> Bind to and inhibit cytokines to suppress the immune response.
B cell and T cell depletion and inhibition - Suppression immunotherapy:
- They bind to autoreactive (cell that recognises self-tissue/self-antigens as non-self) B and T cells -> This can act as a means of inhibiting these cells, or stimulate other immune cells to destroy these autoreactive B and T cells.
Now, how effective are monoclonal antibodies in comparison to tradition treatments.
Cancer treatment (activation immunotherapy):
- Benefit -> More specific and targeted in attack, unlike traditional treatments (chemo and radiotherapy) that target all rapidly dividing cells (means other cells of the body are impacted, such as hair and cells lining gut - results in hair loss, nausea, etc.) This is due to their variable regions that bind with cancer antigens specifically, meaning their is a lower chance of other cells in the body being effected by the treatments and lower side effects.
- Benefit -> Can be used to stimulate the immune system to recognise and destroy cancer cells, unlike traditional treatments that directly kill cancer cells.
- Con -> Still has a wide range of side effects, such as fatigue, fever, nausea, shortness of breath. However, it is still generally less than traditional treatments and does depend on the type immunotherapy being used.
- Con -> Only available as a treatment for very specific types of cancers, and is still used in conjunction with other traditional treatments.
Autoimmune disease treatments (suppression immunotherapy):
- Benefit -> Prevents overall immunodeficiency, which is occurs with traditional treatments that try to reduce the symptoms of the patient by suppressing their whole immune system (immunosuppression). This causes the individual to be more prone to developing cancer and infections. Monoclonal antibodies prevent this because only specific autoreactive cells are being targeted, meaning the rest of immune system can function normally.
- Cons -> Same as cancer treatment cons. It is still used in conjunction with traditional treatments due to not being widely available, and can have some side effects.
Hope this helps!
