Taaaa76 From what I know, the operator is where the repressor binds in the trp operon to inhibit transcription (trp repression) and the silencer simply prevents transcription of an operon.

    For the polymerase chain reaction, what are the temperatures for each stage?? Every single source says something different
    Edrolo says:
    90-95 for denaturisation
    50-55 for annealing
    72 for elongation
    TSSM says:
    98 for denatureisation
    60 for annealing
    72 for elongation

    Like what am I supposed to write in the exam????

      Taaaa76 Question 2 on the 2022 exam is about PCR and asks about the different temperatures at each step. This is the answer to that question from the examiner's report, so I think you should go off this.

      The stages are:
      • Stage 1: denaturation occurs at e.g. 94°C; DNA strands separate
      • Stage 2: annealing occurs at e.g. 55°C to allow the primers to join
      • Stage 3: extension occurs at e.g. 72°C; optimal temperature of Taq polymerase and adding of nucleotides occurs.

      hope this helps

          I was doing a TSSM exam and I came across this question:
          Lithium hydroxide is a chemical that removes carbon dioxide by chemically reacting with it. During an experiment, a pot plant is placed into a sealed container that contains lithium hydroxide. Identify what will occur to the rate of photosynthesis. Provide a reason to support your answer. (1 mark)
          The answer was:
          The rate of photosynthesis will decrease. No mark awarded but must be stated. AND Carbon dioxide is an essential reactant in the process of photosynthesis. When it is a limiting factor there are insufficient carbon dioxide molecules to combine with the hydrogen ions. Less glucose is therefore produced.

          I didn't understand this part: When it is a limiting factor there are insufficient carbon dioxide molecules to combine with the hydrogen ions.

          Does carbon dioxide normally bind to hydrogen ions in photosynthesis? Is this referring to the Hydrogen ions that NADPH transfers??

            Taaaa76 I think they are talking about the carbon dioxide that binds with hydrogen and oxygen to make glucose (C6H12O6) but I'm not completely sure. it would makre sense though because it correlates directly to the fact that less glucose would be produced.

            hope this helps!

                prettypink1881

                Thank you!
                Would a question like that come on the exam? As in should I expect to have to write that CO2 wouldn't be able to bind hydrogen to produce glucose if this question came in the exam?

                    Taaaa76 personally I don't think so, because vcaa stated that

                    "Students should understand that a biochemical pathway is a series of steps (which may occur at different
                    locations within a cell or, in the case of eukaryotic organisms, in different cells) from initial reactants to a final
                    product and that each step is facilitated by enzymes and coenzymes. Students should understand the inputs,
                    outputs and cellular locations of the light dependent and light independent stages of photosynthesis within
                    chloroplasts in C3 plants. They do not need to understand the specific details of
                    the mechanisms that underpin biochemical pathways involved in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.                    "-I belivee this means you don't need to know about which elements bind to other elements.
                    My teacher also told me that TSSM usually has much harder questions that have some content that isn't examined in the vce exam.

                        Can someone please help me with this question? It is from the 2023 Northern Hemisphere exam, so there are no answers available.
                        DNA evidence from present-day humans shows that Homo neanderthalensis interbred with
                        H. sapiens while the two species coexisted in Europe. Fossil discoveries show that H. erectus
                        and H. sapiens coexisted in Indonesia about 143000 years ago.
                        Explain whether you would expect scientists to find DNA evidence to support the view that
                        H. erectus and H. sapiens interbred?

                        thanks 🙂

                          abbey1234321

                          maybe modern day humans living in indonesia would have higher percentages of homo erectus dna than compared to other modern day human populations living in other countries- this would prove that homo sapiens and homo erectus coexisted and interbred in indonesia 143000 yrs ago.

                          I'm not sure if my answers correct but that's what I would say, hope it helps!

                              Hey guys, could someone please explain to me why this answer wouldn't be allowed:
                              question: " Over the weekend, Morgan went to the movies with Alex and PAT. They all sat together and shared a drink. The next day Morgan had symptoms of the flu virus and the Doctor told Morgan that Morgan had been infectious when at the movies. Describe a component of the immune systems first line of defence that the virus overcame:"
                              answer: "The virus had to have overcome the intact skin barrier on Morgan"
                              On the answers, it doesn't mention anything about skin, only mucous, nose hairs and stomach acid.
                              Thanks in advance 🙂

                              • HKS replied to this.

                                Laila
                                Hi Laila, i think its because it is a flu virus and this is transmitted via air droplets, so the flu will enter the nose by 0inhaling the air particles or either thru contaminated food or water so stomach acid. and therefore intact skin would not be an appropriate answer for a question like this.

                                    I need help with this question:

                                    A scientist wishes to make a recombinant plasmid into which they are going to insert gene X.
                                    (I summarised what's Important from the table they showed):
                                    EcoRI (sticky ends)
                                    HindIII (sticky ends)
                                    BamHI (sticky ends)
                                    BalI (blunt ends)
                                    HaelI (blunt ends)
                                    SmaI (blunt ends)
                                    The best option to do this is to
                                    A. use BamHI to cut around the gene and through the plasmid.
                                    B. cut around gene X with SmaI and cut the plasmid with SmaI.
                                    C. cut around gene X with EcoRI and cut the plasmid with BamHI.
                                    D. cut around gene X with HaeIII and cut the plasmid with HindIII.

                                    The answer is A but I don't understand how. Can someone explain?

                                      I need help with another question:
                                      Which one of the following is a correct statement about monoclonal antibodies?
                                      A. They facilitate a specific immune response.
                                      B. They provide protection against a wide variety of pathogens.
                                      C. They can help reduce swelling caused by rheumatoid arthritis.
                                      D. They are produced by the cells of organisms that have strong immune systems.

                                      The answer is C but I don't understand how

                                        I need help with yet another question:

                                        Many laboratories around the world have been sequencing influenza viruses since the 1980s. The results are available in databases so that researchers can compare genetic sequences in a process called genetic characterisation. Which one of the following would a researcher be interested in if their aim is to control the emergence of a new strain of virus that can infect humans?
                                        A. if a current virus has caused infections in the past
                                        B. the extent of genetic similarity between different strains
                                        C. how effective vaccines are against different strains of virus
                                        D. genetic changes in viruses that circulate in animal populations

                                        The answer is D and the explanation is :The aim of studying the viruses is to attempt to control the emergence of new strains. This can only be accomplished by monitoring genetic changes.
                                        It doesn't make sense??

                                        Taaaa76 The answer is C because monoclonal antibodies can target auto-immune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis by supressing the immune system's attack on its own cells (i.e. supresses action of auto-reactive immune cells). They don't actually initiate an immune response (A), protect you against pathogens like vaccinations or types of disease control methods (B) or are produced by cells of an organism with a strong immune system (D -> they're produce from B cells in mice and myeloma cells).