_sophiestudies_ Taaaa76 okay yes that does make sense. Apoptosis would take place because of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. My bad. You know what, it's a dumb question ahaha because complements would be released. Is this a VCAA question?
_sophiestudies_ Taaaa76 oh it's about carbon dioxide ahaha. I'm currently studying haemoglobin at uni so that's why I messed that up. Yes, CO2 is carried by bicarbonate ions in plasma, but I don't think you'll need to know about that.
_sophiestudies_ Taaaa76 hmm that might be why. In uni we learn that the complement system is important for many pathogens, so I have no clue why B would be correct. Since it wasn't a VCAA question, I wouldn't worry about it.
unknown312 Hey guys, does anyone know if we need to know how monoclonal antibodies are produced under the current study design?
prettypink1881 unknown312 from the vcaa q&a document is says that "students should be able to apply their knowledge of extracellular and intracellular threats to other areas of the study design, such as the development of monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer, and other unfamiliar situations and contexts." because it says development that might mean we have to know the steps to prodiuce them. but honestly I would just try to memorise the steps because I feel like they are quite easy to understand. the diagram on this article linkbelow helped me remember them. hope this helps you! https://www.moleculardevices.com/applications/monoclonal-antibody-production
Laila Hey guys, does the sgRNA bind to the PAM site or does it bind to a different target sequence? If so, what does the Cas-9 enzyme bind to, because I keep getting different answers from teachers and the internet??
TotoroGhibli Laila The complementary single-guide RNA (sgRNA) is artificially produced in a lab and acts as a template of the target DNA sequence. It will guide the Cas9 to cut the target DNA sequence. However for the Cas9 endonuclease to perform its function it needs to recognise the PAM sequence (very short sequence) adjacent to the target DNA sequence. The PAM sequence acts as a binding site for the Cas9 endonuclease. Once it binds it will perform its function of cutting the target DNA sequence. Have a look at the 2023 NHT Bio exam on CRISPR.
_sophiestudies_ Taaaa76 It contains gRNA, which includes the mRNA CRISPR sequence (with viral DNA), and the endonuclease Cas9.
TotoroGhibli Also I don't know if this is allowed to be asked, but anyone have any predictions for the VCE Bio exam questions this year aha.
Taaaa76 Is the proteome defined as all the proteins in an organism at a given point in time or is it defined as all the proteins made throughout the life of an individual?
