Taaaa76 hmm that might be why. In uni we learn that the complement system is important for many pathogens, so I have no clue why B would be correct. Since it wasn't a VCAA question, I wouldn't worry about it.

      Hey guys, does anyone know if we need to know how monoclonal antibodies are produced under the current study design?

        unknown312
        from the vcaa q&a document is says that "students should be able to apply their knowledge of extracellular and intracellular threats to other areas of the study design, such as the development of monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer, and other unfamiliar situations and contexts." because it says development that might mean we have to know the steps to prodiuce them. but honestly I would just try to memorise the steps because I feel like they are quite easy to understand.
        the diagram on this article linkbelow helped me remember them. hope this helps you!
        https://www.moleculardevices.com/applications/monoclonal-antibody-production

          hey, does anyone know around what exam score you need to get around a 45? 🙂

            soph43

            I think this website would help:
            acedvce.com/what-do-i-need-to-get-an-a-in-vce/

              Hey guys, does the sgRNA bind to the PAM site or does it bind to a different target sequence? If so, what does the Cas-9 enzyme bind to, because I keep getting different answers from teachers and the internet??

                Taaaa76 It contains gRNA, which includes the mRNA CRISPR sequence (with viral DNA), and the endonuclease Cas9.

                    Laila
                    The complementary single-guide RNA (sgRNA) is artificially produced in a lab and acts as a template of the target DNA sequence. It will guide the Cas9 to cut the target DNA sequence. However for the Cas9 endonuclease to perform its function it needs to recognise the PAM sequence (very short sequence) adjacent to the target DNA sequence. The PAM sequence acts as a binding site for the Cas9 endonuclease. Once it binds it will perform its function of cutting the target DNA sequence. Have a look at the 2023 NHT Bio exam on CRISPR.

                        Also I don't know if this is allowed to be asked, but anyone have any predictions for the VCE Bio exam questions this year aha.

                        Is the proteome defined as all the proteins in an organism at a given point in time or is it defined as all the proteins made throughout the life of an individual?

                          does anyone know if we need to know about reverse transcriptase and why is can't be used for some viirus testing in pcr?

                          if we do can someone let me know the answer because i've tried searching on google but I can't find anything that relates to any other dot points.